Medical device sensing and detection during MRI

ABSTRACT

A medical device includes a sensor for sensing for an MRI gradient magnetic field and a microprocessor for responding to the detected gradient magnetic field by switching from a first electrical signal processing mode to a second electrical signal processing mode, such that electrical signals induced by the gradient magnetic field and an associated RF burst are not counted as cardiac events.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to medical systems and devices and more particularly to sensing and detection performed by these devices during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

BACKGROUND

The technology explosion in the medical device industry has resulted in a variety of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic devices and methods. Many medical devices, for example, including electrocardiographic monitors, pacemakers, cardioverter-defibrillators and neural stimulators, are operatively coupled to electrodes, which are joined to elongate lead wires that extend from the devices to a target site either on or within a body of a patient. The electrodes sense electrical signals from the patient, for example cardiac depolarization signals, which are used to diagnose the patient and, in many cases, may be used to guide or dictate therapy delivery. Having such a device may be a contraindication for MRI, due, at least in part, to MRI gradient magnetic fields and radio-frequency (RF) energy, which can induce electrical signals in the lead wires; the MRI artifact can obfuscate cardiac depolarization induced signals leading to erroneous cardiac event detection which can compromise therapy delivery during MRI.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings are illustrative of particular embodiments of the present invention and therefore do not limit the scope of the invention. The drawings are not to scale (unless so stated) and are intended for use in conjunction with the explanations in the following detailed description. Embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, wherein like numerals denote like elements.

FIG. 1 is a schematic of an exemplary medical system according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a collection of exemplary plots representing artifact-inducing MRI activity and cardiac electrical activity.

FIG. 3 is a schematic of a transducer according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram corresponding to the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5A is a flow chart outlining methods according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5B is a flow diagram outlining a signal processing algorithm according to one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the following description provides practical illustrations for implementing exemplary embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic of an exemplary medical system according to some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 1 illustrates the system including a device 10 to which a right atrial medical electrical lead 11 and a right ventricular medical electrical lead 13 are operatively coupled via a connector module 14. Lead 11 is shown including a defibrillation electrode 115, a first pace/sense electrode 116 and a second pace/sense electrode 117, which is contacting tissue of a right atrial appendage. Lead 13 is shown including a defibrillation electrode 135 and a pace/sense electrode 137 fixed to tissue in a right ventricular apex. According to the illustrated embodiment, device 10 includes a can or housing 12, which serves as another defibrillation electrode to act in concert with electrodes 115 and 135; such an electrode is known to those skilled in the art as an ‘active can’. The system shown in FIG. 1, well known to those skilled in the art, is configured for cardiac pacing, sensing and defibrillation. According to embodiments of the present invention, the system further includes a capacity to detect an MRI gradient magnetic field and respond to the detected field, such that electrical signals induced in either one or both of leads 11, 13, by the gradient magnetic field and a subsequent MRI RF pulse are not inadvertently counted as cardiac events by the device.

FIG. 2 is a collection of exemplary plots representing artifact-inducing MRI activity and cardiac electrical activity. Those skilled in the art understand that, in order for RF pulses to produce a signal for MRI imaging, a magnetic field must be altered on a local level coinciding with a location at which the image is desired. Plots RF and G of FIG. 3 represent a sequence of MRI induced RF pulses and associated gradient magnetic fields, respectively; those skilled in the art will recognize slice select gradients 1 and 4 associated with a 900 RF pulse 2 and a 1800 RF pulse 5, respectively, and a phase encoding gradient 3, for first phase encoding, and a read out gradient 6 activated while signal 7 is sampled. If a lead wire, for example one included in lead 13 of FIG. 1, is coincident with the location at which the image is being generated, the wire will pick up electrical artifacts generated by the gradient fields and RF pulses. Since a magnitude of a RF pulse artifact is typically greater than 3 volts whereas cardiac electrical activity is on the order of millivolts, the RF artifact can be erroneously detected as a cardiac event, i.e. ventricular depolarization, and can completely ‘drown out’ or mask signals of actual cardiac events.

In order to demonstrate interference of the MRI activity, FIG. 2 further shows, under the RF and G plots, a third plot C representing normal cardiac electrical activity in terms of ventricular depolarization, or R-waves 8, for example sensed by electrodes 137 and 135 of FIG. 1. A time scale for each plot of FIG. 2 is 50 milliseconds per hash mark shown along plot C, but plots RF and G may shift with respect to the electrical activity shown on plot C depending on when the MRI activity is initiated within the cardiac cycle, represented by the interval between R-waves 8. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a timing of RF and G events can vary. For example, each sequence of magnetic gradient fields and RF pulses may have a duration D between approximately 5 and 250 milliseconds and a time between sequences R may be between approximately 100 and 3,000 milliseconds; furthermore, a normal interval between R-waves 8, or an R-R interval, may be between approximately 600 and 1200 milliseconds. FIG. 2 illustrates D at approximately 250 milliseconds, R at approximately 500 milliseconds, and the R-R interval, along plot C, at approximately 700 milliseconds. With reference to FIG. 2, if plot C represents paced cardiac activity, for example, for a bradycardia patient, the RF pulse coincident with a marker 9, shown along plot C, may be detected as an intrinsic R-wave causing a device, i.e. device 10, to withhold the second pacing pulse shown at the far right hand side of plot C. It will be appreciated that if the plots RF and G shift in time with respect to the plot C, the RF pulse will coincide with either markers 90 or 900 to be detected as a cardiac event. Thus, it can be seen that RF pulse timing coinciding with normal to slower rhythms, i.e. in the range of 600 to 1200 milliseconds, may cause device 10 to withhold pacing therapy when it may be needed. Alternately, RF pulse timing in the range of 100 to 600 milliseconds coincides with dangerously fast rhythms, for example ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF), and can cause device 10 to falsely detect VT or VF and thus deliver unneeded pacing and/or high voltage therapy delivery.

FIG. 3 is a schematic of a transducer 40, according to some embodiments of the present invention, which can detect an MRI gradient magnetic field via inductive coupling of the field with one of three orthogonal coils 41, 42, 43, depending upon the orientation of the field. FIG. 3 illustrates each coil 41, 42, 43 coupled to a receiver/detector 45 which provides input into a microprocessor 47 which causes a signal processing mode of device 10 to be altered to account for MRI artifact. Coils 41, 42, 43 are sensitive enough to detect small changes in the magnetic field, for example, between approximately 5 Tesla per second and approximately 300 Tesla per second, and receiver/detector 45 may include a programmable detection threshold. According to some embodiments of the present invention, transducer 40, receiver/detector 45 and microprocessor 47 are contained within housing 12 of device 10 along with other electronic components of device 10. FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram corresponding to the system of FIG. 1, which illustrates an exemplary microprocessor controlled system architecture, known to those skilled in the art, into which transducer 40 and receiver 45 are integrated. It should be noted that other embodiments of the present invention may be practiced with other types of system architecture known to those skilled in the art, such as those employing dedicated digital circuitry.

FIG. 5A is a flow diagram outlining methods according to some embodiments of the present invention. Methods of the present invention may be stored as programs, or algorithms, on a computer readable medium in a memory of device 10, for example, a read only memory (ROM) of microprocessor 45 (FIG. 4). FIG. 5A illustrates a first step 301 in which MRI magnetic fields are detected. According to embodiments of the present invention, the magnetic fields of step 301 are gradient magnetic fields, for example detected by transducer 40 of FIG. 3. According to some methods, the magnetic fields of step 301 also include the relatively large static magnetic field associated with MRI, for example, greater than 0.1 Tesla (typically in a range from 0.5 Tesla to 2 Tesla); such a field may be detected by a Hall effect sensor 50 (FIG. 4), embodiments of which are known to those skilled in the art. Once such a sensor detects the static field, transducer 40 may be activated to detect the gradient fields. According to other embodiments, a reed switch may activate transducer 40 in the presence of the relatively large static magnetic field. According to a second step 302, a signal indicating the presence of a gradient field, for example, from transducer 40, causes device 10 to switch from a first signal processing mode to a second signal processing mode capable of discounting MRI artifact. At step 303, after a predetermined time, for example, covering a full length of an MRI procedure, or once gradient fields are no longer detected for a predetermined time period, or once the static magnetic field is no longer detected, device 10 is caused to switch back to the first signal processing mode.

According to some methods of the present invention, the second signal processing mode, of step 302, includes an introduction of a blanking period as a mechanism for discounting MRI artifact. In such a method, a blanking period is introduced in response to gradient magnetic field detection so that signals induced in leads 11, 13 by the gradient magnetic fields and subsequent RF bursts are ignored during the period of imaging activity or scanning. The blanking period may be predetermined and preprogrammed into device 10 according to the scanning period of a particular MRI machine employed, or may be dynamically controlled by input corresponding to detection of the gradient magnetic field, for example, from transducer 40. A blanking time period may be programmed to be between approximately 10 milliseconds and approximately 150 milliseconds. According to the example illustrated in FIG. 2, wherein D is approximately 250 milliseconds, it will be appreciated that a blanking period of approximately 150 milliseconds starting at detection of gradient field 1 will encompass both RF pulses 2, 5.

FIG. 5B illustrates another method of the present invention. FIG. 5B is a flow diagram outlining a signal processing algorithm, for the second signal processing mode of step 302, for discounting MRI artifact. In this method, a history of cardiac event timing for a particular patient is stored in device 10, for example, in a random access memory (RAM) 49 (FIG. 4), and used to extrapolate a series of the cardiac events for use during MRI interference. When electrical activity and gradient field activity are sensed, per step 402, a decision is made at step 403 based upon the timing of the sensed electrical events. If electrical events, for example sensed by electrodes of either lead 11 or 13 of FIG. 1, do not coincide with gradient field activity, for example sensed by transducer 40 of FIG. 3, whether or not the electrical events coincide with extrapolated cardiac events, the events are counted as an actual cardiac event at step 404C. (This decision of course is tempered by additional state of the art signal conditioning that accounts for other types of over-sensing.) If sensed electrical events do coincide with the sensed gradient fields but not with extrapolated cardiac events, the events are counted as noise at step 404B. If sensed electrical events coincide with both of the extrapolated cardiac events and the sensed gradient fields, the events are counted as ‘virtual’ or potential cardiac events at step 404A. The ‘virtual’ events are processed by device 10, according to typical state of the art limitations for such devices, for control of therapy delivery to maintain physiological cardiac function. Counters of these events are included in microprocessor 47 and/or RAM 49 of the architecture depicted in FIG. 4. Per step 405, when a consecutive count of noise events and ‘virtual’ cardiac events exceeds a predetermined number, electrical sensing is ignored at step 406. If electrical sensing is ignored, then device 10 may switch into a prescribed mode of therapy delivery, for example pacing stimulation at a prescribed number of beats per minute.

According to some other methods of the present invention, the second signal processing mode, of step 302, introduces modified signal conditioning, i.e. attenuation and/or filtering, to reduce MRI artifact so that cardiac electrical activity is detectable. According to one method of this type, the second mode includes attenuation of RF frequency (approximately 6-300 MHz) induced signals received through the lead wire, preferably to a level below a ventricular depolarization, or R-wave, amplitude, which is typical of the patient having device 10. According to other methods of this type, the second mode either includes filtering that rejects gradient field frequency (approximately 1-50 kHz) induced signals received through the lead wire, or imposing a sensitivity threshold exceeding a maximum amplitude of gradient field induced signals received through the lead wire, which are typically of a lower amplitude than ventricular depolarization, or R-wave, amplitudes.

In the foregoing detailed description, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, it may be appreciated that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. For example, although embodiments have been described in the context of cardiac pacing and defibrillation, embodiments of the present invention include any type of medical device that includes leads for sensing electrical activity of any part of a body. 

1. A medical device, comprising: a sensor for detecting gradient magnetic fields; and a microprocessor for switching from a first signal processing mode to a second signal processing mode in response to detecting one or more MRI magnetic fields, wherein the microprocessor is configured to, while operating in the second signal processing mode, compare a timing of electrical signals received through at least one lead with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic fields, maintain a counter to track a number of consecutive electrical signals that coincide with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic field detection, ignore the electrical signals received through the at least one lead after the counter exceeds a predetermined number, compare the timing of electrical signals received through the at least one lead with an extrapolated series of cardiac events, and process electrical signals that coincide with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic field detection as if the signal were actual cardiac events for control of therapy delivery when the electrical signals coincide with the extrapolated series of cardiac events and occur prior to the counter exceeding the predetermined number.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a first sensor, the device further comprising a second sensor for detecting a static MRI magnetic field, wherein the microprocessor switches from the first signal processing mode to the second signal processing mode and the first sensor is activated to detect the gradient magnetic fields in response to the second sensor detecting the static MRI magnetic field.
 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the first sensor is a coiled transducer and the second sensor is one of a Hall effect sensor and a reed switch.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor switches from the first signal processing mode to the second signal processing mode in response to detecting a gradient MRI magnetic field.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the extrapolated series of cardiac events is based on at least a stored history of cardiac event timing.
 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the microprocessor is further configured to: compare the timing of electrical signals received through the at least one lead with the extrapolated series of cardiac events.
 7. An implantable medical system, comprising: a device housing containing: a microprocessor for controlling a mode of operation of the implantable medical system, and electronics for generating at least one cardiac therapy; at least one lead extending from the device housing for detecting cardiac signals and delivering the at least one cardiac therapy generated by the electronics; and a gradient sensor for sensing the presence of a gradient magnetic field, the sensor coupled to the microprocessor, wherein the microprocessor is configured to: cause the electronics to generate the at least one cardiac therapy based on signals received through the at least one lead in the first mode of operation, switch to the second mode of operation based on sensing of MRI magnetic fields, and while operating in the second mode of operation, compare a timing of electrical signals received through at least one lead with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic fields while operating in the second mode, maintain a counter to track a number of consecutive electrical signals that coincide with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic field detection, ignore the electrical signals received through the at least one lead after the counter exceeds a predetermined number, compare the timing of electrical signals received through the at least one lead with an extrapolated series of cardiac events, and process electrical signals that coincide with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic field detection as if the signals were actual cardiac events for control of therapy delivery when the electrical signals coincide with one of the cardiac events of the extrapolated series of cardiac events and occur prior to the counter exceeding the predetermined number.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the gradient sensor includes a coiled transducer.
 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the gradient sensor includes three coiled transducers oriented orthogonally to each other.
 10. The system of claim 7, further comprising a static sensor for sensing a static magnetic field, wherein the microprocessor switches from the first mode to the second mode and gradient sensor is activated when the static magnetic field is detected by the static sensor.
 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor switches to the second mode of operation based on sensing of a gradient MRI magnetic field by the gradient sensor.
 12. The system of claim 7, wherein the microprocessor extrapolates a series of cardiac events using a stored history of cardiac event timing.
 13. A method comprising: switching operation of an implantable medical device from a first mode for processing electrical signals received through at least one lead coupled to the implantable medical device to a second mode for processing electrical signals in response to detecting an MRI magnetic field; sensing incidences of gradient magnetic fields with a sensor while operating in the second mode; comparing a timing of electrical signals received through at least one lead with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic fields while operating in the second mode; maintaining a counter to track a number of consecutive electrical signals that coincide with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic field detection; ignoring the electrical signals received through the at least one lead after the exceeds a predetermined number; comparing the timing of electrical signals received through the at least one lead with an extrapolated series of cardiac events; and processing electrical signals that coincide with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic field detection as if the signals were actual cardiac events for control of therapy delivery when the electrical signals coincide with one of the cardiac events of the extrapolated series of cardiac events and occur prior to the counter exceeding the predetermined number.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein sensing the gradient magnetic field is accomplished via inductive coupling between the gradient field and a coiled transducer of the device.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein sensing the gradient field is accomplished via inductive coupling with at least one of three orthogonal coiled transducers of the device.
 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising: counting the electrical signals as actual cardiac events if the signals do not coincide with the sensed incidences of gradient magnetic field detection.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: counting the electrical signals as potential cardiac events if the signals coincide with the extrapolated series of cardiac events and with the sensed incidences gradient magnetic field detection.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: counting the electrical signals as noise events if the signals coincide with the incidences of gradient magnetic field detection and do not coincide with the extrapolated series of cardiac events.
 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising: adjusting from the second mode back to the first mode when the MRI magnetic field is no longer detected; and remaining in the first mode until another MRI magnetic field is detected.
 20. The method of claim 13, further comprising adjusting from the second mode back to the first mode after a pre-programmed period of time.
 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising: detecting a static MRI magnetic field; switching operation of the implantable medical device from the first mode for processing electrical signals to the second mode for processing electrical signals in response to detecting the static MRI magnetic field; and enabling the sensor to sense for the gradient magnetic fields when the static magnetic field is detected.
 22. The method of claim 13, wherein switching operation of the implantable medical device comprises switching operation of the implantable medical device from the first mode for processing electrical signals to the second mode for processing electrical signals in response to detecting a gradient MRI magnetic field.
 23. The method of claim 13, further comprising extrapolating a series of cardiac events using a stored history of cardiac event timing. 